diff --git a/src/core/annotation.js b/src/core/annotation.js
index 5fe3d8654..09a178e0c 100644
--- a/src/core/annotation.js
+++ b/src/core/annotation.js
@@ -199,8 +199,13 @@ function getQuadPoints(dict, rect) {
       const y = quadPoints[j + 1];
 
       // The quadpoints should be ignored if any coordinate in the array
-      // lies outside the region specified by the rectangle.
-      if (x < rect[0] || x > rect[2] || y < rect[1] || y > rect[3]) {
+      // lies outside the region specified by the rectangle. The rectangle
+      // can be `null` for markup annotations since their rectangle may be
+      // incorrect (fixes bug 1538111).
+      if (
+        rect !== null &&
+        (x < rect[0] || x > rect[2] || y < rect[1] || y > rect[3])
+      ) {
         return null;
       }
       quadPointsLists[i].push({ x, y });
@@ -791,6 +796,68 @@ class MarkupAnnotation extends Annotation {
   setCreationDate(creationDate) {
     this.creationDate = isString(creationDate) ? creationDate : null;
   }
+
+  _setDefaultAppearance({
+    xref,
+    extra,
+    strokeColor,
+    fillColor,
+    blendMode,
+    pointsCallback,
+  }) {
+    let minX = Number.MAX_VALUE;
+    let minY = Number.MAX_VALUE;
+    let maxX = Number.MIN_VALUE;
+    let maxY = Number.MIN_VALUE;
+
+    const buffer = ["q"];
+    if (extra) {
+      buffer.push(extra);
+    }
+    if (strokeColor) {
+      buffer.push(`${strokeColor[0]} ${strokeColor[1]} ${strokeColor[2]} RG`);
+    }
+    if (fillColor) {
+      buffer.push(`${fillColor[0]} ${fillColor[1]} ${fillColor[2]} rg`);
+    }
+
+    for (const points of this.data.quadPoints) {
+      const [mX, MX, mY, MY] = pointsCallback(buffer, points);
+      minX = Math.min(minX, mX);
+      maxX = Math.max(maxX, MX);
+      minY = Math.min(minY, mY);
+      maxY = Math.max(maxY, MY);
+    }
+    buffer.push("Q");
+
+    const formDict = new Dict(xref);
+    const appearanceStreamDict = new Dict(xref);
+    appearanceStreamDict.set("Subtype", Name.get("Form"));
+
+    const appearanceStream = new StringStream(buffer.join(" "));
+    appearanceStream.dict = appearanceStreamDict;
+    formDict.set("Fm0", appearanceStream);
+
+    const gsDict = new Dict(xref);
+    if (blendMode) {
+      gsDict.set("BM", Name.get(blendMode));
+    }
+
+    const stateDict = new Dict(xref);
+    stateDict.set("GS0", gsDict);
+
+    const resources = new Dict(xref);
+    resources.set("ExtGState", stateDict);
+    resources.set("XObject", formDict);
+
+    const appearanceDict = new Dict(xref);
+    appearanceDict.set("Resources", resources);
+    const bbox = (this.data.rect = [minX, minY, maxX, maxY]);
+    appearanceDict.set("BBox", bbox);
+
+    this.appearance = new StringStream("/GS0 gs /Fm0 Do");
+    this.appearance.dict = appearanceDict;
+  }
 }
 
 class WidgetAnnotation extends Annotation {
@@ -1854,9 +1921,28 @@ class HighlightAnnotation extends MarkupAnnotation {
 
     this.data.annotationType = AnnotationType.HIGHLIGHT;
 
-    const quadPoints = getQuadPoints(parameters.dict, this.rectangle);
+    const quadPoints = getQuadPoints(parameters.dict, null);
     if (quadPoints) {
       this.data.quadPoints = quadPoints;
+      if (!this.appearance) {
+        // Default color is yellow in Acrobat Reader
+        const fillColor = this.color
+          ? Array.from(this.color).map(c => c / 255)
+          : [1, 1, 0];
+        this._setDefaultAppearance({
+          xref: parameters.xref,
+          fillColor,
+          blendMode: "Multiply",
+          pointsCallback: (buffer, points) => {
+            buffer.push(`${points[0].x} ${points[0].y} m`);
+            buffer.push(`${points[1].x} ${points[1].y} l`);
+            buffer.push(`${points[3].x} ${points[3].y} l`);
+            buffer.push(`${points[2].x} ${points[2].y} l`);
+            buffer.push("f");
+            return [points[0].x, points[1].x, points[3].y, points[1].y];
+          },
+        });
+      }
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1867,9 +1953,26 @@ class UnderlineAnnotation extends MarkupAnnotation {
 
     this.data.annotationType = AnnotationType.UNDERLINE;
 
-    const quadPoints = getQuadPoints(parameters.dict, this.rectangle);
+    const quadPoints = getQuadPoints(parameters.dict, null);
     if (quadPoints) {
       this.data.quadPoints = quadPoints;
+      if (!this.appearance) {
+        // Default color is black
+        const strokeColor = this.color
+          ? Array.from(this.color).map(c => c / 255)
+          : [0, 0, 0];
+        this._setDefaultAppearance({
+          xref: parameters.xref,
+          extra: "[] 0 d 1 w",
+          strokeColor,
+          pointsCallback: (buffer, points) => {
+            buffer.push(`${points[2].x} ${points[2].y} m`);
+            buffer.push(`${points[3].x} ${points[3].y} l`);
+            buffer.push("S");
+            return [points[0].x, points[1].x, points[3].y, points[1].y];
+          },
+        });
+      }
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1880,9 +1983,35 @@ class SquigglyAnnotation extends MarkupAnnotation {
 
     this.data.annotationType = AnnotationType.SQUIGGLY;
 
-    const quadPoints = getQuadPoints(parameters.dict, this.rectangle);
+    const quadPoints = getQuadPoints(parameters.dict, null);
     if (quadPoints) {
       this.data.quadPoints = quadPoints;
+      if (!this.appearance) {
+        // Default color is black
+        const strokeColor = this.color
+          ? Array.from(this.color).map(c => c / 255)
+          : [0, 0, 0];
+        this._setDefaultAppearance({
+          xref: parameters.xref,
+          extra: "[] 0 d 1 w",
+          strokeColor,
+          pointsCallback: (buffer, points) => {
+            const dy = (points[0].y - points[2].y) / 6;
+            let shift = dy;
+            let x = points[2].x;
+            const y = points[2].y;
+            const xEnd = points[3].x;
+            buffer.push(`${x} ${y + shift} m`);
+            do {
+              x += 2;
+              shift = shift === 0 ? dy : 0;
+              buffer.push(`${x} ${y + shift} l`);
+            } while (x < xEnd);
+            buffer.push("S");
+            return [points[2].x, xEnd, y - 2 * dy, y + 2 * dy];
+          },
+        });
+      }
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1893,9 +2022,32 @@ class StrikeOutAnnotation extends MarkupAnnotation {
 
     this.data.annotationType = AnnotationType.STRIKEOUT;
 
-    const quadPoints = getQuadPoints(parameters.dict, this.rectangle);
+    const quadPoints = getQuadPoints(parameters.dict, null);
     if (quadPoints) {
       this.data.quadPoints = quadPoints;
+      if (!this.appearance) {
+        // Default color is black
+        const strokeColor = this.color
+          ? Array.from(this.color).map(c => c / 255)
+          : [0, 0, 0];
+        this._setDefaultAppearance({
+          xref: parameters.xref,
+          extra: "[] 0 d 1 w",
+          strokeColor,
+          pointsCallback: (buffer, points) => {
+            buffer.push(
+              `${(points[0].x + points[2].x) / 2}` +
+                ` ${(points[0].y + points[2].y) / 2} m`
+            );
+            buffer.push(
+              `${(points[1].x + points[3].x) / 2}` +
+                ` ${(points[1].y + points[3].y) / 2} l`
+            );
+            buffer.push("S");
+            return [points[0].x, points[1].x, points[3].y, points[1].y];
+          },
+        });
+      }
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/test/pdfs/.gitignore b/test/pdfs/.gitignore
index 3da0e6cab..3172b863a 100644
--- a/test/pdfs/.gitignore
+++ b/test/pdfs/.gitignore
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@
 !bug1245391_reduced.pdf
 !bug1252420.pdf
 !bug1513120_reduced.pdf
+!bug1538111.pdf
 !bug1552113.pdf
 !issue9949.pdf
 !bug1308536.pdf
@@ -359,10 +360,14 @@
 !issue9278.pdf
 !annotation-text-without-popup.pdf
 !annotation-underline.pdf
+!annotation-underline-without-appearance.pdf
 !issue269_2.pdf
 !annotation-strikeout.pdf
+!annotation-strikeout-without-appearance.pdf
 !annotation-squiggly.pdf
+!annotation-squiggly-without-appearance.pdf
 !annotation-highlight.pdf
+!annotation-highlight-without-appearance.pdf
 !annotation-freetext.pdf
 !annotation-line.pdf
 !annotation-square-circle.pdf
diff --git a/test/pdfs/annotation-highlight-without-appearance.pdf b/test/pdfs/annotation-highlight-without-appearance.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..007493362
Binary files /dev/null and b/test/pdfs/annotation-highlight-without-appearance.pdf differ
diff --git a/test/pdfs/annotation-squiggly-without-appearance.pdf b/test/pdfs/annotation-squiggly-without-appearance.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..203efebb1
Binary files /dev/null and b/test/pdfs/annotation-squiggly-without-appearance.pdf differ
diff --git a/test/pdfs/annotation-strikeout-without-appearance.pdf b/test/pdfs/annotation-strikeout-without-appearance.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8c8cab3c
Binary files /dev/null and b/test/pdfs/annotation-strikeout-without-appearance.pdf differ
diff --git a/test/pdfs/annotation-underline-without-appearance.pdf b/test/pdfs/annotation-underline-without-appearance.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb7526dc5
Binary files /dev/null and b/test/pdfs/annotation-underline-without-appearance.pdf differ
diff --git a/test/pdfs/bug1538111.pdf b/test/pdfs/bug1538111.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..deac036e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/pdfs/bug1538111.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+%PDF-1.7
+% ò¤ô
+
+1 0 obj <<
+  /Type /Catalog
+  /Pages 2 0 R
+>>
+endobj
+
+2 0 obj <<
+  /Type /Pages
+  /Count 1
+  /Kids [ 3 0 R ]
+>>
+endobj
+
+3 0 obj <<
+  /Type /Page
+  /Parent 2 0 R
+  /MediaBox [0 0 595 842]
+  /Annots [
+    4 0 R
+    5 0 R
+    6 0 R
+    7 0 R
+  ]
+  /Tabs /R
+>>
+endobj
+
+4 0 obj <<
+  /Type /Annot
+  /Subtype /Highlight
+  /Rect [ 108 602 506 640 ]
+  /NM (Hilight-1)
+  /F 4
+  /QuadPoints [
+    107.7896 639.9486 505.8939 639.9486 107.7896 629.1634 505.8939 629.1634
+    107.7896 626.2871 505.8939 626.2871 107.7896 615.5011 505.8939 615.5011
+    107.7896 612.6248 380.1389 612.6248 107.7896 601.8397 380.1389 601.8397
+  ]
+  /C [ 1 1 0 ]
+  /Contents ()
+>>
+endobj
+
+5 0 obj <<
+  /Type /Annot
+  /Subtype /Underline
+  /Rect [ 108 552 506 590 ]
+  /NM (Underline-1)
+  /F 4
+  /QuadPoints [
+    107.7896 589.9486 505.8939 589.9486 107.7896 579.1634 505.8939 579.1634
+    107.7896 576.2871 505.8939 576.2871 107.7896 565.5011 505.8939 565.5011
+    107.7896 562.6248 380.1389 562.6248 107.7896 551.8397 380.1389 551.8397
+  ]
+  /C [ 0 0 0 ]
+  /Contents ()
+>>
+endobj
+
+6 0 obj <<
+  /Type /Annot
+  /Subtype /Squiggly
+  /Rect [ 108 502 506 540 ]
+  /NM (Squiggly-1)
+  /F 4
+  /QuadPoints [
+    107.7896 539.9486 505.8939 539.9486 107.7896 529.1634 505.8939 529.1634
+    107.7896 526.2871 505.8939 526.2871 107.7896 515.5011 505.8939 515.5011
+    107.7896 512.6248 380.1389 512.6248 107.7896 501.8397 380.1389 501.8397
+  ]
+  /C [ 0 0 0 ]
+  /Contents ()
+>>
+endobj
+
+7 0 obj <<
+  /Type /Annot
+  /Subtype /StrikeOut
+  /Rect [ 108 452 506 490 ]
+  /NM (StrikeOut-1)
+  /F 4
+  /QuadPoints [
+    107.7896 489.9486 505.8939 489.9486 107.7896 479.1634 505.8939 479.1634
+    107.7896 476.2871 505.8939 476.2871 107.7896 465.5011 505.8939 465.5011
+    107.7896 462.6248 380.1389 462.6248 107.7896 451.8397 380.1389 451.8397
+  ]
+  /C [ 0 0 0 ]
+  /Contents ()
+>>
+endobj
+
+xref
+0 8
+0000000000 65535 f 
+0000000016 00000 n 
+0000000070 00000 n 
+0000000136 00000 n 
+0000000281 00000 n 
+0000000671 00000 n 
+0000001063 00000 n 
+0000001453 00000 n 
+trailer<< /Root 1 0 R /Size 8 >>
+startxref
+1845
+%%EOF
diff --git a/test/test_manifest.json b/test/test_manifest.json
index 273378359..a2b1d8752 100644
--- a/test/test_manifest.json
+++ b/test/test_manifest.json
@@ -764,6 +764,13 @@
        "annotations": true,
        "about": "Annotation with (unsupported) file:// URL."
     },
+    {  "id": "bug1538111",
+       "file": "pdfs/bug1538111.pdf",
+       "md5": "3f3635cfc25d132fb1054042e520e297",
+       "rounds": 1,
+       "annotations": true,
+       "type": "eq"
+    },
     {  "id": "bug1552113",
        "file": "pdfs/bug1552113.pdf",
        "md5": "dafb7ba1328e8deaab2e3619c94bf974",
@@ -4378,6 +4385,13 @@
        "type": "eq",
        "annotations": true
     },
+    {  "id": "annotation-underline-without-appearance",
+       "file": "pdfs/annotation-underline-without-appearance.pdf",
+       "md5": "dd5be5e9a8e6bdbf67c175ca170f7cb7",
+       "rounds": 1,
+       "annotations": true,
+       "type": "eq"
+    },
     {  "id": "annotation-strikeout",
        "file": "pdfs/annotation-strikeout.pdf",
        "md5": "6624e6b5bedd2f2855b6ab12bbf93c57",
@@ -4385,6 +4399,13 @@
        "type": "eq",
        "annotations": true
     },
+    {  "id": "annotation-strikeout-without-appearance",
+       "file": "pdfs/annotation-strikeout-without-appearance.pdf",
+       "md5": "1dc751ab83e8deb3094bfc580289b097",
+       "rounds": 1,
+       "annotations": true,
+       "type": "eq"
+    },
     {  "id": "annotation-squiggly",
        "file": "pdfs/annotation-squiggly.pdf",
        "md5": "38661e731ac6c525af5894d2d20c6e71",
@@ -4392,6 +4413,13 @@
        "type": "eq",
        "annotations": true
     },
+    {  "id": "annotation-squiggly-without-appearance",
+       "file": "pdfs/annotation-squiggly-without-appearance.pdf",
+       "md5": "6546f22a06a5e51d0e835c677cdbc705",
+       "rounds": 1,
+       "annotations": true,
+       "type": "eq"
+    },
     {  "id": "annotation-highlight",
        "file": "pdfs/annotation-highlight.pdf",
        "md5": "e13e198e3a69c32dc9ebdc704d3105e1",
@@ -4399,6 +4427,13 @@
        "type": "eq",
        "annotations": true
     },
+    {  "id": "annotation-highlight-without-appearance",
+       "file": "pdfs/annotation-highlight-without-appearance.pdf",
+       "md5": "a1f2811324fa1ff0c9f1778697413dad",
+       "rounds": 1,
+       "annotations": true,
+       "type": "eq"
+    },
     {  "id": "annotation-freetext",
        "file": "pdfs/annotation-freetext.pdf",
        "md5": "6ca19ce632ead3aed08f22e588510e2f",